These are some of the common poisonous plants found in Colorado.
Written by M. Cristina Meyers for the CSU Herbarium
 
Scientific Name Common Name Habitat Description Toxic Principle
Aconitum spp. monkshood moist meadows and open woods palmately lobed herb, blue-purple flowers, hooded sepal. alkaloids, including aconitine.
Actea arguta Nutt.x T.&G. baneberry woods, moist ground ternate herb, red or white berries in racemes. essential oils found in the fruit.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. pigweed dry, disturbed areas annual weed, leaves alternate with prominent veins, spikes w/bracts. nitrates and oxalates
Ambrosia tomentosa Nutt. silver leaf poverty weed dry plains and hills Perennial, bipinnatifid leaves, tomentose beneath, strigose above, fruit burlike nitrates
Apocynum canabinum L. indian hemp, dogbane open places, along sreams or roadsides Perennial herb, woody stems, 5 ft. tall with milky juice and seeds with a tuft of hair. resins and glycosides; cymarin
Asclepias spp. milkweed Dry plains and foothills Narrow leaves, greenish-yellow flowers with horns forming umbels, 3 or more leaves at the node. galatoxins
Aster falcatus Lindl. white fall aster Plains, hills and streambanks Perennial, leaves 1-3 cm long, densely hairy, inflorescence head with white rays flowers and pappus bristles. secondary seleniom absorber
Astragalus spp. milk vetch Dry alkaline meadows at middle elevations Perennial, leaves odd-pinnate flowers in dense racemes, purple or pinkish-white. Fruit a pod selenium and alkaloids
Avena fatua L. oatgrass Cultivated areas or roadsides Annual with flat, narrow leaf blades; infloresence an open panicle; twisted awns. nitrate, photosensitation
Castilleja spp. paintbrush Mountains and plains Herbaceous, leaves alternate and sessile irregular flowers in bracted spikes, two lipped corolla.  selenium
Centaurea solstitialis L. yellow star thistle Waste areas and roadsides Annual weed; leaves covered with a cottony hair and deeply lobed at base; yellow disc flowers ; bracts tipped with yellow spines. toxic metabolite
Cercocarpus montanus Raf. mountain mohogany Dry slopes and mesas  Shrub or tree like, leaves simple oval to linear, flowers small w/yellowish sepals and no petals.  cyanogenic glycoside
Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult & Rose water, poison hemlock Moist ground or standing water Stout erect glabrous plant;1-3 times pinnate; roots tuberous. cicutoxin
Convulvulus sp. bindweed Disturbed areas, dry hills and plains Perennial trailing herbs with alternate leaves; flowers solitary, white, pink, blue. Nitrates purgative principles
Corydalis aurea Willd. golden smoke Disturbed areas, roadsides Low growing, fleshy taproot, 2-3 times pinnate leaves; yellow racemes, flowers spurred and fragrant. aporphine, berberine, protoberberine and protopine
Datura stramonium L.

D. wrightii Regel

jimsonweed Waste areas  Shrubby-like, nearly glabrous, leaves ovate with acute lobes, large white flowers; fruit is a spiny capsule atropine, hyoscyamine hyocine, nitrate
Delphinium spp. larkspur Low plains or high mountain meadows Perennial herb; leaves palmately divided; flowers in terminal racemes, irregular, spurred  alkaloids, delphinine
Dugaldia hoopesii Rydb. sneeze weed Mountain valleys  Erect perennial stems unbranched except near inflorescence, leaves entire; orange ray and discs dugaldin
Euphorbia esula L. leafy spurge Waste areas, roadsides Perennial, erect several rayed umbels whorled leaves at the base of the umbels unknown, found in the juice
Grindelia spp. gumweed praries plains and roadsides Perennial herb with solitary heads. Resinous bracts, yellow flowers selenium poisoning
Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby broom snake weed  plains and hills Perennial, woody at the base, yellow heads, linear leaves saponins and selenium
Helianthus annuus L. sunflower fields and waste places Annual herb, leaves rough and alternate, flowers yellow and reddish-purple nitrates
Hymenoxys richardsonii (Hook.)  Colorado rubberweed open ranges Perennial herb with tufts around the stems, yellow heads unknown
Hypercium perforatum L.  St. Johnswort roadsides and waste areas Perennial herb with woody stems at the base, branches opposite, inflorescence is a yellow cyme. hypericin
Iris missouriensis Nutt. blue flag moist meadows Perennial herb, horizintal root stalk, yellowish-white flowers irisin
Linium lewisii Pursh. wild blue flax open areas Slender stem and leaves light blue flower linamarin
Lobelia siphilitica L. great lobelia along water courses Perennial herb with alternate leaves, inflorescence is a blue raceme alkaloids, including lobeline
Lupinus argentus Pursh. silvery lupine dry hills, mountains, valleys and plains Low perennial herb with palmately compound leaves, inflorescence is a bluish raceme alkaloids and turatogens
Malva parviflora L. mallow waste places, gardens Annual herbs with reniform lobed leaves, flowers pink nitrates
Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wots. wild tobacco dry sandy streambeds Herbaceous annual or perennial, leaves lanceolate, white flowers in racemes nicotine and anabasine
Oxalis spp. wood sorrel moist woods, waste places Herbaceous annuals or perennials, decumbent, 3-foliate, yellow cymes potassium and sodium oxylates
Oxytropic sericea Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray. white loco weed well drained slopes in lower elevations Perennial herb, leaves odd pinnately compound, covered in silvery hairs, scapose, white raceme locoine
Panicum spp panic grass dry woodlands A bunch grass, scaly rhizomes with culms, open widespreading panicle  unknown
Penstemon spp. beard -tongue mountains and plains Perennial herb, opposite leaves, inflorescence is a panicle selenium
Physalis longifolia Nutt. ground cherry valleys and plains Perennial herb, solitary yellow and brown flower, lanceolate leaves unknown
Polygonum spp. smartweed waste ground, moist areas Annual or peennial, swollen nodes, racemes nitrates
Portulaca oleracea L. purslane waste places Annual succulent, prostrate stems which are pinkish, yellow solitary flowers oxalates
Prosopsis spp.  mesquite dry ranges and washes Deciduous shrub or tree, leaves bipinnate, inflorescence is a catkin-like spike unknown
Prunus virginiana (A. Nels.) Sarg. western chokecherry thickets and slopes Shrub or tree with grey bark, leaves sharply serrate and thick, inflorescence is a raceme and fruit dark purple HCN
Quercus spp. oak dry hills and along streams Small trees and shrubs, simple toothed or lobed leaves, catkins and flowers in clusters or solitary, fruit is and acorn gallotanin
Ranunculus scleratus  blister buttercup along lakes and streams Herb with fibrous roots, basal leaves reniform, upper leaves are sessile, flowers yellow ranunculin 
Rheum rhaponticum L. rhubarb moist areas Herbs with fleshy roots and 1-2 meters long stems, flowers greenish white oxalates found in the leaves
Ricinus communis  castor bean gardens Annual herb with large, palmately lobed, serrate leaves, fruit a spiny capsule  ricin
Rumex crispus L. dock acid soil, roadsides Perennial herb, no axillary branches, oblong leaves, inflorescence is a compound raceme, seeds brown oxalate
Salsola kali russian thistle disturbed areas Branched annual herb, leaves are spine tipped, small flowers with two bractlets nitrates and oxaltes
Saponaria officinalis  cow cockle waste areas and crop lands Erect herb with jointed stems, simple leaves, flowers white or pink, in cymose clusters  saponin
Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. greasewood alkaline soils Deciduous shrub, spiney and woody, unisexual flowers, in catkins or solitary soluble oxalates
Senecio spp. groundsel varies among species Perennial herbs with yellow flowers alkaloids

Reference:  Walter, Richard.  1999.  Poisonous Plants Lecture Notes.